Anatomy & Physiology
Lung Volumes and Capacities: TV, IRV, ERV & RV Explained (Chart)
Pulmonary volumes and capacities describe how much air your lungs hold at different points in the breathing cycle. There are…
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR): Normal Values & Formula
Normal pulmonary vascular resistance in a healthy adult at rest is about 0.3 to 2.0 Wood units (WU), which works…
Pulmonary Artery vs Pulmonary Vein: Which Carries Oxygenated Blood?
Pulmonary artery and vein names cause more confusion than almost any other pair of blood vessels in the body. Here…
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP): Normal Range & What High Means
Pulmonary wedge capillary pressure — more often written as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or PCWP — is the pressure doctors…
How to Diagnose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious but often misunderstood condition that affects the blood vessels in the lungs. Because…
How to Measure Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is a serious but often misunderstood condition that affects the blood vessels of the lungs and the right…
HTN vs Pulmonary HTN: Key Differences
Hypertension (HTN) and pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary HTN) are both conditions that affect the circulatory system, but they differ in their…
What Causes Pulmonary Hypertension? Common Causes & Risks
The causes of pulmonary hypertension fall into five groups: disease of the lung arteries themselves, left-sided heart disease, chronic lung…
Hypoxia and Pulmonary Vasoconstriction Explained
Hypoxia and pulmonary vasoconstriction are critical concepts in understanding how the body responds to low oxygen levels in the blood.…
Pulmonary vs Systemic Circulation: Differences & Diagram
Every heartbeat sends blood down two separate roads at the same moment. One road is short and gentle: it runs…